§÷®Æ¬ì¾Ç¾É½×
¤Q¤@. §÷®Æªº¥ú¾Ç©Ê½è

 

1. ²¤¶
        
          §÷®Æ»P¿ç®g ¦UºØ¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³(interaction)
          ¿ç®gªººØÃþ¥Ñ¨Ó·½¨M©w¢w
               ®g½u(gamma rays): ­ì¤l®ÖªºÅܤơC[­ì¤l®Ö]
                X¥ú(X-rays), µµ¥~¥ú(UV), ¥i¨£¥ú(visible light): ¹q¤l¯à¶¥ºc³yªºÅܤơC[­ì¤l]
                ¬õ¥~¥ú(IR), ·Lªi(Microwave), µL½u¹qªi(Radio Wave): ­ì¤l»P¤À¤lªº®¶°Ê¡C[¤À¤l]
          ©¼¦¹¤ÏÀ³ªº§@¥Î»P²{¹³ ¢w  
                §l¦¬¡BÃC¦â¡B¿Ã¥ú¡B¼ö¶Ç¾É¡B¹q¤l¯S©Êµ¥¡C
          §÷®Æªº¦UºØ¥ú¼ö¯S©ÊªºÀ³¥Î¡]¹ê¨Ò¡^ ¢w  
                Áô§Î­¸¾÷(invisible aircrafts), ¹p®g(lasers), ¥úÅָ˸m(fiber-optic devices), µo¥ú¤G·¥Åé(LED),
                ¤Ó¶§¯à¹q¦À(solar cells), ¦UºØ¥ú¹q¤ÀªR»ö¾¹¡C

 

2. §÷®Æªº³sÄò»P¯S©Ê¥úÃЩñ®g 
     (Emission of Continuous and Characteristic Radiation)
 
          §÷®Æ¥i¥H©ñ¥X¥ú¤l(photons) ¡V ¨ä¯à¶qE¡Aªiªø¡A©MÀW²v¡G 
                 [¥ú¤l¬O¨ã¯à¶qEªº²É¤l¡A¤]¬Oªiªøªºªi]
             c= ¥ú³t¡Ah = Planck¡¦s constant = 6.62*10^(-34)   J·s
 
      A. ³sÄò¥úÃÐ (Continuous Spectrum)
              (1) ¤]ºÙ¥Õ¦â¿ç®g(white radiation)
              (2) ¨ã¦³¤@³Ì¤pªiªø·¥­­(a short wavelength limit)¡C
      B. ¯S©Ê¥úÃÐ (Characteristic Spectrum)
              (1) x-ray [Fig.19-2]
              (2) K, K, L [Fig.19-3, Table 19-1]
              (3) ¿ç®gªº¹qºÏ¥úÃÐ(electromagnetic spectrum of radiation) [Fig.19-4]

 

3. ©ñ®g²{¹³ªº¨Ò¤l (Examples of Emission Phenomena)
 
      A. X¥ú (X-rays)
              (1) ¤£¦P§÷®Æ¦³¨ä¯S®íX¥ú®p
      B. ½÷¥ú (Luminescence)
              (1) ¥ú¤lªºªiªø¦b¥i¨£¥ú®É·|²£¥Í½÷¥ú(Fig.19-7)
              (2) ¿Ã¥ú(fluorescence) - (Fig.19-7b)
                   immediate recombination, ©ñ¥ú®É¶¡~10-8 s
              (3) ¿M¥ú(phosphorescent) - (Fig.19-7c)
                   impurity trap, ©ñ¥ú®É¶¡> 10-8 s
                             = relaxation time
                   ±m¦â¹qµø ¡V ¬õ¡Bºñ¡B©MÂŦâ¿M¥ú½è§÷®Æ¡C
      C. µo¥ú¤G·¥Åé (Light-Emitting Diodes, LED)
              (1) p-n junction, ¯à»ØEg¦b¥i¨£¥ú¥úÃФ¤(¤j¦h¬°¬õ¦â)¡C
              (2) [Fig.19-8]
      D. ¹p®g (Lasers)
             (1) ¬õÄ_¥Û©TÅé¹p®g, stimulus (flash tube) [Fig.19-9]
             (2) ¹p®g­ì²z¦p¹Ï[Fig.19-10]
             (3) ¥Î³~: ª÷Äݪº¼ö³B²z»P¿Ä¤Æ¡A²k±µ¡A¥~¬ì¤â³N¡A»s¹Ï¡A«H¸¹ªº¶Ç°e»P³B²z¡A
                  CDŪ¼gÀYµ¥¡C
             (4) ¥b¾ÉÅé GaAs¹p®g [Fig.19-11] (¶È1994¦~¡A¥þ¥@¬É½æ¥X¤F¤K¤d¸U­Ó)
      E. ¼ö¿ç®g (Thermal Emission)
             (1) ¤£¦P·Å«×¤U¼ö¿ç®g±j«×¹ïªiªø¹Ï¡C [Fig.19-12]

 

4. ¥ú¤l»P§÷®Æªº¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³(Interaction of Photons with a Material)
 
          ¥ú¤l»P§÷®Æªº¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³ºØÃþ [Fig.19-13]
          photon energy > energy gap reflection or absorption
          photon energy < energy gap transmitted
 
      A. §l¦¬»P¬ï³z (Absorption and Transmission)
              (1) [Fig.19-14] ¢w §l¦¬»P¯à»ØªºÃö«Y
              (2) ½u©Ê§l¦¬«Y¼Æ(linear absorption coefficient) -- [Fig.19-15]
              (3) §l¦¬®p(absorption edge)
 
      B. §é®g (Refraction)
              (1) ·í¥ú¤l¬ï³z§÷®Æ®É·|³à¥¢³¡¥÷¯à¶q¡A¦]¦¹¨äªiªø·|Åܪø¡C¦]ÀW²v¨Ã¨S¦³ÅÜ¡A©Ò¥H
                   ¦n¹³¥ú³t´î§C¡A¨Ã¥B§ïÅܤF¤è¦V¡C[Fig.19-13]
              (2) ¤@¨Ç§÷®Æ¹ï5890A ªiªøªº§é®g²v¡C[Table 19-2]
              (3) §é®g²v(index of refraction, n)©M¤¶¹q±`¼Æ(dielectric constant, )¡V
                    (¦]¬°§é®g»P·¥¤Æ¦³Ãö)
              (4) n = f(frequency), anisotropy, birefringence (double refraction)
 
      C. ¤Ï®g (Reflection)
              (1) [opaque]: ª÷Äݪº¤Ï®g¢w¥ß§Y¿Eµo»P«ì´_¡Aµo¥X¦P¼Ëªiªø¤Ï®g¡C
              (2) [not opaque]: ¤Ï®g²v(reflectivity) R¢w
                   ¦b¯uªÅ¤¤       n = §é®g²v
                   §é®g²v¶V°ª¡A¤Ï®g²v¤]¶V°ª¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥­·Æªí­±ªº¤Ï®g²v¸û°ª¡C
 
      D. ¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬¡B¬ï³z©Î¤Ï®g (Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection)
              (1) ¤£´M±`ªº¥ú¾Ç©Ê½è¢w¥ú¤l³Q¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬¡B¬ï³z©Î¤Ï®g¡C
              (2) ¨Ò¦p¡G»É©M»Èµ¥ª÷ÄÝ¢w¸û©ö¤Ï®g¡]©Î¦A©ñ®g¡^¡C»É»Pª÷§l¦¬µuªiªø¥ú¤l¡]Âŵµ¦â¡^
                  ¡A¤Ï®gªøªiªø¥ú¤l¡]¬õ¦â¡^¡A¦]¦¹§e¡u¬õ¡v¦â¡C¾T»P»È¤Ï®g©Ò¦³¥i¨£¥úªiªø¥ú¤l¡A
                   ¦]¦¹§e¡u¥Õ¡v¦â¡C
              (3) ¹L´ç¤¸¯À»Pµ}¤g±ÚÂø½èÂ÷¤l¨ú¥N­ì¦³Â÷¤l¡A·|²£¥Íµ²´¹³õ(crystal field)¡A³y¦¨·s¯à¶¥
                   ¨Ò¦pCr3+Â÷¤l¨ú¥NAl2O3¤¤ªºAl3+Â÷¤lªº±¡§Î¡C[Fig.19-17]
              (4) ¬Á¼þ¤¤¤]¥i¥[¦UºØÂ÷¤l¡A²£¥Í¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬¡B¬ï³z¡C[Table 19-3]
              (5) Electron or hole traps (F-center) ¡V ¨Ò¦p¡G ¿Ã¥Û(CaF2)¤¤¦pªG¶t¹L¦h¡A·|³y¦¨¬tªºÂI¯Ê³´
                  ¡A³y¦¨·s¯à¶¥§l¦¬¥ú¤l¡A¦]¦Ó§eµµ¦â¡C
              (6) »E¦Xª«¢w¸­ºñ¯À(chlorophyll)©M¦å¬õ¯À(hemoglobin)¡C
 
      E. X¥úFilters
              (1) §÷®Æ¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬·|§â¨ä¤º¼h¹q¤l¿EµoªºX¥ú¡C[Fig.19-18]
              (2) absorption edge [Table 19-1]
 
      F. ¥ú¶Ç¾É (Photoconduction)
              (1) ¦pªG¥b¾ÉÅé³Q¨Ï¥Î¦b¹q¸ô¤¤¡A¨ä¤¤´N·|µo¥Í¥ú¶Ç¾É®ÄÀ³¡C
                   ³Q¥ú©Ò¿Eµoªº¹q¤l¤£·|³Q©ñ®g¦Ó¬O³Q¶Ç¨«¡C[Fig.19-19]
              (2) À³¥Î¡G¹q²´(electric eyes), ¤Ó¶§¯à¹q¦À(solar cells)¡C
              (3) ª`·N¡G¥ú¶Ç¾É®ÄÀ³¥¿¬O¡u½÷¥ú¡v©MLEDsªº¤Ï®ÄÀ³¡C
 
      G. ¶®g (Diffraction)
              (1) X¥ú¶®g„³¥ÎX¥ú¨Ó¨M©w§÷®Æªº´¹Åéºc³y©M­ì¤l¦ì¸m¡C
              (2) Bragg¡¦s Law ¡V [Fig.19-20]
                   
              (3) Debye-Scherrer X¥ú¶®g [Fig.19-21]


5. ¥ú¹q¨t²Î»P§÷®Æ (Photonic Systems and Materials)
 
          ¡u¥ú¹q¨t²Î¡v¥Î¥ú¨Ó¶Ç»¼«H¸¹¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¹q¸Ü¨t²Î¥Îªº¥úÅֶǻ¼¡A¶W¯Å¥ú¹q¸£¡C
           ¦pFig.19-22©Ò¥Ü¥úÅֶǻ¼ªºÂ²¹Ï¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¸Ë¸m¤w¦b«e­±±Ô­z¡C
 
      A. «H¸¹ªº²£¥Í (Generating the Signal)
          ¥ú·½¡Gcoherent and monochromatic 
              (1) laser (III-V±Ú¥b¾ÉÅé¡AGaAs, GaAlAs, ©M InGaAsP, ¨ä¯à»Ø¥i¥H³y¦¨¥i¨£¥ú©ñ®g),
              (2) LED
              
      B. «H¸¹ªº¶Ç»¼ (Transmitting the Beam)
          ¥úÅÖ¤@©w­n«D±`³z©ú¡A¦Ó¥B¤£¯àº|¥ú¡C[Fig.19-23]
          SiO2 ³Ì±`¨£¡A®Ö¤ßªºªí­±ºUÂø B2O3 ©Î GeO2 ¡C
          ¨ä¥L¦³¡Gµ²´¹½èªº ZrF2 , As2Se, ©ÎKI¡]Áäµ²¸û®z´²®g¤p¡^¡C
              
      C. «H¸¹ªº±µ¦¬ (Receiving the Signal)
          p-n diode
 
      D. «H¸¹ªº³B²z (Processing the Signal)
          ³q±`¦¬¨ìªº«H¸¹¥ß§Y³QÂন¹q«H¸¹¡A¨Ã¥Î¶Ç²Î¥b¾ÉÅé¸Ë¸m¨Ó³B²z¡C
          ¤@¨Ç§÷®Æ¨ã¦³«D½u©Êªº¥ú¾Ç¤ÏÀ³(¨Ò¡GLiNbO3)¡A¦P®É¥i¥H¥Î§@amplifier©Î¶}Ãö 
            ¡]¹q¸£¸ÌªºÅÞ¿è¹h¡^¨Ó±±¨î¥úªº¸ô®|¡C
          ¥ú¾Ç¹q´¹Å骺µo®i¡A¦³¥i¯à¬ãµo¥X¥ú¾Ç¹q¸£¡C

 

 

 

³æ¤¸¤@
³æ¤¸¤G
³æ¤¸¤T
³æ¤¸¥|
³æ¤¸¤­
³æ¤¸¤»
³æ¤¸¤C
³æ¤¸¤K
³æ¤¸¤E
³æ¤¸¤Q
³æ¤¸¤Q¤@
³æ¤¸¤Q¤G
³æ¤¸¤Q¤T
¦^¤W¼h