§÷®Æ¬ì¾Ç¾É½× |
1. ²¤¶ |
§÷®Æ»P¿ç®g ¦UºØ¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³(interaction) |
¿ç®gªººØÃþ¥Ñ¨Ó·½¨M©w¢w |
®g½u(gamma rays): ì¤l®ÖªºÅܤơC[ì¤l®Ö] |
X¥ú(X-rays), µµ¥~¥ú(UV), ¥i¨£¥ú(visible light): ¹q¤l¯à¶¥ºc³yªºÅܤơC[ì¤l] |
¬õ¥~¥ú(IR), ·Lªi(Microwave), µL½u¹qªi(Radio Wave): ì¤l»P¤À¤lªº®¶°Ê¡C[¤À¤l] |
©¼¦¹¤ÏÀ³ªº§@¥Î»P²{¹³ ¢w |
§l¦¬¡BÃC¦â¡B¿Ã¥ú¡B¼ö¶Ç¾É¡B¹q¤l¯S©Êµ¥¡C |
§÷®Æªº¦UºØ¥ú¼ö¯S©ÊªºÀ³¥Î¡]¹ê¨Ò¡^ ¢w |
Áô§Î¸¾÷(invisible
aircrafts), ¹p®g(lasers), ¥úÅָ˸m(fiber-optic devices), µo¥ú¤G·¥Åé(LED), ¤Ó¶§¯à¹q¦À(solar cells), ¦UºØ¥ú¹q¤ÀªR»ö¾¹¡C |
2. §÷®Æªº³sÄò»P¯S©Ê¥úÃЩñ®g (Emission of Continuous and Characteristic Radiation) |
§÷®Æ¥i¥H©ñ¥X¥ú¤l(photons) ¡V ¨ä¯à¶qE¡Aªiªø¡A©MÀW²v¡G |
[¥ú¤l¬O¨ã¯à¶qEªº²É¤l¡A¤]¬Oªiªøªºªi] |
c= ¥ú³t¡Ah = Planck¡¦s constant = 6.62*10^(-34) J·s |
A. ³sÄò¥úÃÐ (Continuous Spectrum) |
(1) ¤]ºÙ¥Õ¦â¿ç®g(white radiation) |
(2) ¨ã¦³¤@³Ì¤pªiªø·¥(a short wavelength limit)¡C |
B. ¯S©Ê¥úÃÐ (Characteristic Spectrum) |
(1) x-ray [Fig.19-2] |
(2) K, K, L [Fig.19-3, Table 19-1] |
(3) ¿ç®gªº¹qºÏ¥úÃÐ(electromagnetic spectrum of radiation) [Fig.19-4] |
3. ©ñ®g²{¹³ªº¨Ò¤l (Examples of Emission Phenomena) |
A.
X¥ú (X-rays) |
(1) ¤£¦P§÷®Æ¦³¨ä¯S®íX¥ú®p |
B. ½÷¥ú (Luminescence) |
(1) ¥ú¤lªºªiªø¦b¥i¨£¥ú®É·|²£¥Í½÷¥ú(Fig.19-7) |
(2) ¿Ã¥ú(fluorescence) - (Fig.19-7b) |
immediate recombination, ©ñ¥ú®É¶¡~10-8 s |
(3) ¿M¥ú(phosphorescent) - (Fig.19-7c) |
impurity trap, ©ñ¥ú®É¶¡> 10-8 s |
= relaxation time |
±m¦â¹qµø ¡V ¬õ¡Bºñ¡B©MÂŦâ¿M¥ú½è§÷®Æ¡C |
C. µo¥ú¤G·¥Åé (Light-Emitting Diodes, LED) |
(1) p-n junction, ¯à»ØEg¦b¥i¨£¥ú¥úÃФ¤(¤j¦h¬°¬õ¦â)¡C |
(2) [Fig.19-8] |
D. ¹p®g (Lasers) |
(1) ¬õÄ_¥Û©TÅé¹p®g, stimulus (flash tube) [Fig.19-9] |
(2) ¹p®gì²z¦p¹Ï[Fig.19-10] |
(3) ¥Î³~:
ª÷Äݪº¼ö³B²z»P¿Ä¤Æ¡A²k±µ¡A¥~¬ì¤â³N¡A»s¹Ï¡A«H¸¹ªº¶Ç°e»P³B²z¡A CDŪ¼gÀYµ¥¡C |
(4) ¥b¾ÉÅé GaAs¹p®g [Fig.19-11] (¶È1994¦~¡A¥þ¥@¬É½æ¥X¤F¤K¤d¸UÓ) |
E. ¼ö¿ç®g (Thermal Emission) |
(1) ¤£¦P·Å«×¤U¼ö¿ç®g±j«×¹ïªiªø¹Ï¡C [Fig.19-12] |
4. ¥ú¤l»P§÷®Æªº¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³(Interaction of Photons with a Material) |
¥ú¤l»P§÷®Æªº¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³ºØÃþ [Fig.19-13] |
photon energy > energy gap reflection or absorption |
photon energy < energy gap transmitted |
A. §l¦¬»P¬ï³z (Absorption and Transmission) |
(1) [Fig.19-14] ¢w §l¦¬»P¯à»ØªºÃö«Y |
(2) ½u©Ê§l¦¬«Y¼Æ(linear absorption coefficient) -- [Fig.19-15] |
(3) §l¦¬®p(absorption edge) |
B. §é®g (Refraction) |
(1) ·í¥ú¤l¬ï³z§÷®Æ®É·|³à¥¢³¡¥÷¯à¶q¡A¦]¦¹¨äªiªø·|Åܪø¡C¦]ÀW²v¨Ã¨S¦³ÅÜ¡A©Ò¥H ¦n¹³¥ú³t´î§C¡A¨Ã¥B§ïÅܤF¤è¦V¡C[Fig.19-13] |
(2) ¤@¨Ç§÷®Æ¹ï5890A ªiªøªº§é®g²v¡C[Table 19-2] |
(3) §é®g²v(index of refraction, n)©M¤¶¹q±`¼Æ(dielectric constant, )¡V |
(¦]¬°§é®g»P·¥¤Æ¦³Ãö) |
(4) n = f(frequency), anisotropy, birefringence (double refraction) |
C. ¤Ï®g (Reflection) |
(1) [opaque]: ª÷Äݪº¤Ï®g¢w¥ß§Y¿Eµo»P«ì´_¡Aµo¥X¦P¼Ëªiªø¤Ï®g¡C |
(2) [not opaque]: ¤Ï®g²v(reflectivity) R¢w |
¦b¯uªÅ¤¤ n = §é®g²v |
§é®g²v¶V°ª¡A¤Ï®g²v¤]¶V°ª¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥·Æªí±ªº¤Ï®g²v¸û°ª¡C |
D. ¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬¡B¬ï³z©Î¤Ï®g (Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection) |
(1) ¤£´M±`ªº¥ú¾Ç©Ê½è¢w¥ú¤l³Q¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬¡B¬ï³z©Î¤Ï®g¡C |
(2) ¨Ò¦p¡G»É©M»Èµ¥ª÷ÄÝ¢w¸û©ö¤Ï®g¡]©Î¦A©ñ®g¡^¡C»É»Pª÷§l¦¬µuªiªø¥ú¤l¡]Âŵµ¦â¡^ ¡A¤Ï®gªøªiªø¥ú¤l¡]¬õ¦â¡^¡A¦]¦¹§e¡u¬õ¡v¦â¡C¾T»P»È¤Ï®g©Ò¦³¥i¨£¥úªiªø¥ú¤l¡A ¦]¦¹§e¡u¥Õ¡v¦â¡C |
(3) ¹L´ç¤¸¯À»Pµ}¤g±ÚÂø½èÂ÷¤l¨ú¥N즳Â÷¤l¡A·|²£¥Íµ²´¹³õ(crystal field)¡A³y¦¨·s¯à¶¥ |
¨Ò¦pCr3+Â÷¤l¨ú¥NAl2O3¤¤ªºAl3+Â÷¤lªº±¡§Î¡C[Fig.19-17] |
(4) ¬Á¼þ¤¤¤]¥i¥[¦UºØÂ÷¤l¡A²£¥Í¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬¡B¬ï³z¡C[Table 19-3] |
(5) Electron or hole traps (F-center) ¡V ¨Ò¦p¡G ¿Ã¥Û(CaF2)¤¤¦pªG¶t¹L¦h¡A·|³y¦¨¬tªºÂI¯Ê³´ |
¡A³y¦¨·s¯à¶¥§l¦¬¥ú¤l¡A¦]¦Ó§eµµ¦â¡C |
(6) »E¦Xª«¢w¸ºñ¯À(chlorophyll)©M¦å¬õ¯À(hemoglobin)¡C |
E. X¥úFilters |
(1) §÷®Æ¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü©Ê§l¦¬·|§â¨ä¤º¼h¹q¤l¿EµoªºX¥ú¡C[Fig.19-18] |
(2) absorption edge [Table 19-1] |
F. ¥ú¶Ç¾É (Photoconduction) |
(1) ¦pªG¥b¾ÉÅé³Q¨Ï¥Î¦b¹q¸ô¤¤¡A¨ä¤¤´N·|µo¥Í¥ú¶Ç¾É®ÄÀ³¡C |
³Q¥ú©Ò¿Eµoªº¹q¤l¤£·|³Q©ñ®g¦Ó¬O³Q¶Ç¨«¡C[Fig.19-19] |
(2) À³¥Î¡G¹q²´(electric eyes), ¤Ó¶§¯à¹q¦À(solar cells)¡C |
(3) ª`·N¡G¥ú¶Ç¾É®ÄÀ³¥¿¬O¡u½÷¥ú¡v©MLEDsªº¤Ï®ÄÀ³¡C |
G. 妨g (Diffraction) |
(1) X¥ú¶®g„³¥ÎX¥ú¨Ó¨M©w§÷®Æªº´¹Åéºc³y©Mì¤l¦ì¸m¡C |
(2) Bragg¡¦s Law ¡V [Fig.19-20] |
(3) Debye-Scherrer X¥ú¶®g [Fig.19-21] |
5. ¥ú¹q¨t²Î»P§÷®Æ (Photonic Systems and Materials) |
¡u¥ú¹q¨t²Î¡v¥Î¥ú¨Ó¶Ç»¼«H¸¹¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¹q¸Ü¨t²Î¥Îªº¥úÅֶǻ¼¡A¶W¯Å¥ú¹q¸£¡C |
¦pFig.19-22©Ò¥Ü¥úÅֶǻ¼ªºÂ²¹Ï¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¸Ë¸m¤w¦b«e±±Ôz¡C |
A. «H¸¹ªº²£¥Í (Generating the Signal) |
¥ú·½¡Gcoherent and monochromatic |
(1) laser (III-V±Ú¥b¾ÉÅé¡AGaAs, GaAlAs, ©M InGaAsP, ¨ä¯à»Ø¥i¥H³y¦¨¥i¨£¥ú©ñ®g), |
(2) LED |
B. «H¸¹ªº¶Ç»¼ (Transmitting the Beam) |
¥úÅÖ¤@©wn«D±`³z©ú¡A¦Ó¥B¤£¯àº|¥ú¡C[Fig.19-23] |
SiO2 ³Ì±`¨£¡A®Ö¤ßªºªí±ºUÂø B2O3 ©Î GeO2 ¡C |
¨ä¥L¦³¡Gµ²´¹½èªº ZrF2 , As2Se3 , ©ÎKI¡]Áäµ²¸û®z´²®g¤p¡^¡C |
C. «H¸¹ªº±µ¦¬ (Receiving the Signal) |
p-n diode |
D. «H¸¹ªº³B²z (Processing the Signal) |
³q±`¦¬¨ìªº«H¸¹¥ß§Y³QÂন¹q«H¸¹¡A¨Ã¥Î¶Ç²Î¥b¾ÉÅé¸Ë¸m¨Ó³B²z¡C |
¤@¨Ç§÷®Æ¨ã¦³«D½u©Êªº¥ú¾Ç¤ÏÀ³(¨Ò¡GLiNbO3)¡A¦P®É¥i¥H¥Î§@amplifier©Î¶}Ãö ¡]¹q¸£¸ÌªºÅÞ¿è¹h¡^¨Ó±±¨î¥úªº¸ô®|¡C |
¥ú¾Ç¹q´¹Å骺µo®i¡A¦³¥i¯à¬ãµo¥X¥ú¾Ç¹q¸£¡C |