§÷®Æ¬ì¾Ç¾É½× |
1. ºÏÂù·¥»PºÏ¯x (Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments) |
A. ¹q¤lªººÏ¯x(magnetic moment)ºÙ¬°Bohr magneton¡X |
Bohr magneton = = 9.27 *10^(-24) A·m2 |
¨ä¤¤¡Gq = ¹q¤lªº¹q²ü¡Ah = Planck¡¦s constant |
me = ¹q¤lªº½è¶q¡C 1 A·m^2 = 4* 10^(-3) oersted |
B. ¹q¤lªººÏ¯x¬O¥Ñ¨ä¶ì¤l®Ö¹B°Ê©M¦Û±Ûµ¥¨âÓ¦]¯À³y¦¨¡C[Fig.18-12] |
C.
§t¦³¤£¦¨¹ï»ù¹q¤lªºì¤l¨Ã¤£·|ªí²{¥X¥Ã¤[ºÏ¯x¡]¦]¬°·|»P¾Fªñì¤lªº¤£¦¨¹ï»ù¹q¤l ©¼¦¹¼vÅT¦Ó©è¾P¡^¡F¥²¶·n¦p¹L´ç¤¸¯À[Tab.18-5]¨ã¦³¤º¼h¥¼¶ñº¡¡]¯à¶¥¡^y°ì¤~¦³¥i ¯à¡C¨C¤@Ó³o¼Ëªºì¤l³£¬O¤@ÓºÏÂù·¥¡C |
D.
¤j¦h¼Æ¹L´ç¤¸¯À»PºÏ³õ¤ÏÀ³®É·|¨ÏÁ`ºÏ¯x¬°¹s¡C¥u¦³ÅK¡B¹W©MÂì·|µo¥Í¡u¥æ´«§@¥Î¡v (exchange interaction) ¡A¨Ï¤@Óì¤l¤ºªººÏÂù·¥±Æ¦C·|¼vÅT¨ì¨ä©P³òªºì¤lºÏÂù·¥±Æ¦C¡C |
2. ºÏ¤Æ±j«×¡B¾ÉºÏ²v»PºÏ³õ(Magnetization,
Permeability, and Magnetic Field) |
A.
ºÏ¤Æ(Magnetization)¡X¨Ï»¤µo·PÀ³(induced)©Î¥Ã¤[ºÏÂù·¥»P¥~¥[ºÏ³õ¤ÏÀ³±Æ¦C;
¼W±jºÏ³õ ªº¼vÅT¤O¡A¥Bn¤ñµL¦¹ºÏ¤Æ§÷®Æ®ÉÀx¦s§ó¤jªº¯à¶q¡C |
B. ºÏ³õH = 0.4n I / l (n = ½u°éªº°é¼Æ¡Al = ½u°éªºªø«×¡AI = ¹q¬y) [Fig.18-13] |
C. ºÏ³q¶q±K«×B (¤SºÙ¬°ºÏ·PÀ³inductance¡A³æ¦ì°ª´µ)»PºÏ³õH¦¨¤ñ¨Ò¢w |
¯uªÅ¢w B =H (= ¯uªÅ¾ÉºÏ²v = 1 gauss/oersted) |
§÷®Æ¢w B = H (= ¾ÉºÏ²v ¡A³æ¦ì gauss/oersted) |
D. ¦pªG§÷®ÆªººÏ¯x¥[±jºÏ³õ > |
¦pªG§÷®ÆªººÏ¯x©è§ÜºÏ³õ < |
E.
±`¥Î¬Û¹ï¾ÉºÏ²v
=/¨Ó§Î®e¤@ºØºÏ©Ê§÷®Æªº¼vÅT¡C(Ãþ¦ü¤¶¹q±`¼Æ,
§Y dielectric constant, ©Î relative permittivity) |
F. ©Ò¥HºÏ¤Æ±j«×(Magnetization¡AM)¤]¥Nªí¤F¦]¥[¤J¦¹§÷®Æ¦bºÏ³õ®Ö¤ß©Ò¼W¥[ªººÏ³q¶q¡C |
©Ò¥H B = H = H +M M |
¦]¬°M³q±`n¤ñH¤j³\¦h¡A©Ò¥H±`¼g¦¨ B = M¡C |
G.
ºÏ¤Æ²v(magnetic susceptibility,
)
¬OºÏ¤Æ±j«×»P©Ò¥[ºÏ³õªº¤ñ¨Ò¡A §Y§÷®Æ©Ò³y¦¨ªººÏ³õ ¥[±j¿¼Æ¢w = M/H |
3. ºÏÂù·¥»PºÏ³õªº¤ÏÀ³
(Interactions between Magnetic Dipoles and the Magnetic Field) [Fig.18-14] |
A.
¤ÏºÏ©Ê (Diamagnetic Behavior)
|
¥~¥[ºÏ³õ·|¨Ï¥ô¦ó¤@ºØì¤l§Î¦¨©è§ÜºÏ³õªººÏÂù·¥¡A³y¦¨ºÏ¤Æ¤p©ó¹s¡AºÙ¤§¬°¤ÏºÏ©Ê |
[ (< ) ¡A¬Û¹ï¾ÉºÏ²v 0.99995 ]¡C |
B. ¶¶ºÏ©Ê (Paramagnetism) |
¥ô¦ó§t¦³¤£¦¨¹ï¹q¤lªºì¤l³£¨ã¦³¤@ºÏ¯x¡C³o¨ÇºÏ¯x·|ÀH¥~¥[ºÏ³õ¦Ó±Æ¦C¡A³y¦¨¥¿ªº |
ºÏ¤Æ(> )¡C¦ý¬O¦]¬°ºÏÂù·¥©¼¦¹¨ÃµL§@¥Î¡A»Ýn·¥±jªººÏ³õ¤~¯à§â©Ò¦³ªººÏÂù |
·¥±Æ¦C¾ã»ô¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤@¥¹ºÏ³õ²¾¥h¡A±Æ¦Cªº²{¹³´N¥ß¨è®ø¥¢¡C [¬Û¹ï¾ÉºÏ²v< 1.01] |
C. ÅKºÏ©Ê (Ferromagnetism) |
ÅK¡B¹W©MÂ즳¤º¼h¥¼¶ñº¡ªº¹q¤l¡]¯à¶¥¡^y°ì¡A§Î¦¨¥Ã¤[ºÏÂù·¥¡A»´©öªºÀH¥~¥[ºÏ³õ |
±Æ¦C(¦]¬°¡u¥æ´«§@¥Î¡v)¡C¤pºÏ³õ§Y¥i³y¦¨¤jºÏ¤Æ±j«×¡C [¬Û¹ï¾ÉºÏ²v106] |
D. ¤ÏÅKºÏ©Ê (Antiferromagnetism) |
¤@¨Ç§÷®Æ¦p¿ø¡B»Ì¡BMnO©MNiO¡A¨ä¤¤ªº³æ¿WºÏ¯x«D±`±j¡A¦ý¬Û¾FªººÏÂù·¥©¼¦¹¬Û¤Ï |
±Æ¦C¦Ó©è¾P(ºÏ¤Æ¬°¹s)¡C[Fig.18-15] |
E. ¨ÈÅKºÏ©Ê (Ferrimagnetism) |
³³²¡§÷®Æ¤¤¡A¤£¦PªºÂ÷¤l¦³¤£¦PªººÏ¯x¡C¦b¥~¥[ºÏ³õ¤¤¡AAÂ÷¤lªººÏÂù·¥¥i¯à»PºÏ³õ |
¶¶¦V±Æ¦C¡ABÂ÷¤l«o»PºÏ³õ¤Ï¦V±Æ¦C¡C¦ý¦]¨âªÌºÏÂù·¥ªº±j«×¤£¦P¡A¦]¦Ó³y¦¨ºÏ¤Æ¡C |
4. ºÏ°ìºc³y»PºÏº¢°j½u (Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop) |
¢w ºÏ°ì¡G§÷®Æ¤¤ªº¤p°Ï°ì¡A¨ä¤¤©Ò¦³ªººÏÂù·¥³£¦P¦V±Æ¦C¡C(< 50) |
¢wBloch walls¡GºÏ°ì»PºÏ°ì¶¡ªºÃä¬É¡AÃþ¦ü´¹¬É¡C(~0.1) [Fig.18-16] |
A. ºÏ³õ¤¤ºÏ°ìªº²¾°Ê (Movement of Domains in a Magnetic Field) |
·í¦³¥~¥[ºÏ³õ®É¡A´X¥G±Æ¦C¦nªººÏ°ì·|ªø¤j¢wBloch walls¤@©wn²¾°Ê¡A¦ÓºÏ³õ´£¨Ñ¤F |
²¾°Ê©Ò»Ýnªº¤O¡C¹Lµ{«h¬O¡G¶}©lÃø¡A¤¤¶¡©ö¡A³Ì«á¹¡©M¡C[Fig.18-17] |
B. °£¥hºÏ³õªº®ÄÀ³ (Effect of Removing the Field) |
·í°£¥hºÏ³õ«á¡AºÏ°ìªºªý¤O¨Ï¨ä¤£©ö«ì´_²V¶Ã±Æ¦C¡C¦]¦¹³\¦hºÏ°ì¤´«O«ùì¤è¦V±Æ¦C |
¡A¾Ö¦³³¡¥÷ºÏ©Ê¡AºÙ¤§¬°´ÝºÏ(remanence) ¡C¦³¤j´ÝºÏªº§÷®Æ¥i°µ¥Ã¤[ºÏÅK¡C[Fig.18-18] |
C. ¥æÅܺϳõªº®ÄÀ³ (Effect of an Alternating Field) |
¦p¥[¤@¤Ï¦VºÏ³õ¡AºÏ°ì·|¶}©l¶¶µÛ¤Ï¦V±Æ¦C¡C»Ý¥[¤@ÁB¹xºÏ³õ(coercive field, Hc)¤~¯à±N |
ºÏ°ì«ì´_§e²V¶Ãª¬ºA¡CÄ~Äò¼W¥[¤Ï¦VºÏ³õ«h·|¨ÏºÏ°ì¦V¬Û¤Ï¤è¦V±Æ¦C¦Ó¹F¨ì¹¡©M¡C |
ºÏ³õ¤£Â_ÅÜ´«¤è¦V¡AºÏ¤Æ-ºÏ³õ°µ¹Ï·|§Î¦¨¤@°j¸ô¡AºÙ¤§¬°ºÏº¢°j½u(hysteresis loop)¡C |
D. ºÏP¦ùÁY (Magnetostriction) |
Ãþ¦ü¤¶¹q§÷®Æ¤§¹qP¦ùÁY¡A»PÂù·¥¶¡¤§¬Û¤¬§l¤Þ»P±Æ¥¸¦³Ãö¡C |
5. ºÏ¤Æ¢wºÏ³õ¦±½uªºÀ³¥Î (Application of the Magnetization-Field Curve) |
¢w §÷®Æ¦bºÏ³õ¤¤ªº©Ê½è»P¨äºÏº¢°j½uªº¤j¤p©M§Îª¬¦³Ãö¡C[Fig.18-19] |
A.
¥Î¦b¹q®ð¤è±ªººÏ©Ê§÷®Æ (Magnetic Materials for Electrical Applications) |
ÅKºÏ©Ê§÷®Æ¥Î¦b¢w¹qºÏÅKªº®Ö¤ß¡B°¨¹F¡BÅÜÀ£¾¹¡Bµo¹q¾÷µ¥¡C |
¦¹ÃþÅKºÏ©Ê§÷®Æ¤SºÙ¬°³nºÏÅK (soft magnet)¡A¨ã¦³¥H¤U¯S©Ê¡G°ª¹¡©MºÏ¤Æ±j«×¡A°ª¾É |
ºÏ²v¡A¤pÁB¹xºÏ¤O¡A©M¤pªº´ÝºÏ¡C¤pºÏº¢°j½u¡A¥H´î¤Ö¾Þ§@®Éªº¯à¶q·l¥¢¡C¤@¨Ç |
«nªº³nºÏÅK¦C¦bTab.18-6¡C |
¦pªG¾Þ§@®ÉªºÀW²v¤Ó°ª¡AºÏ°ì¨Ó¤£¤Î±Æ¦C¦n¡A¾ãӸ˸m´N·|¦]¬°Âù·¥¼¯À¿¦Óµo¼ö |
¡]¦p¦P¤¶¹q§÷®Æ¡^¡C |
¯à¶q¤]·|¦]´õ¹q¬y¦Ó³à¥¢¡C¦b¾Þ§@®É¡AºÏ³õ·|¦b§÷®Æ¤¤¥Í¥X·PÀ³¹q¬y¡AºÙ¤§¬°´õ¹q¬y |
(eddy current)¡C¤×¨ä¦b°ªÀW®É§ó¬°ÄY«¡C¦pªG§÷®Æªº¹qªý«Ü°ª¡A´õ¹q¬y§Y¥i´î¦Ü³Ì§C¡C |
¥Ñ³³²¡§÷®Æ»s¦¨ªº³nºÏÅK¦]¬°¨ä°ª¹qªý¡A©Ò¥H¸û¤£©öµo¼ö¡C |
B. ¥Î§@¹q¸£°O¾ÐÅ骺ºÏ©Ê§÷®Æ (Magnetic Materials for Computer Memories) |
¨ã¦³¥H¤U¯S©Ê¡G¤è§ÎªººÏº¢°j½u¡A¤pªº´ÝºÏ¡A§C¹¡©MºÏ¤Æ±j«×¡A¤pÁB¹xºÏ¤O¡C |
§t¦³¿ø¡BÁâ¡B©Î¹WªºFerrite¥i¥H¹F¨ì³oºØn¨D¡C |
C. ¥Î§@¥Ã¤[ºÏÅKªººÏ©Ê§÷®Æ (Magnetic Materials for Permanent Magnets) |
¥Ã¤[ºÏÅK§÷®Æ¨ã¦³¥H¤U¯S©Ê¡G¤jªº´ÝºÏ¡A°ª¾ÉºÏ²v¡A¤jÁB¹xºÏ³õ¡A»P°ª¯à¶q |
(°ªBHÈ)¡CµwºÏÅK (hard magnet) ¡C[Tab.18-7] |
ºÏÅKªº¯à¶q»PºÏº¢°j½uªº¤j¤p¦³Ãö¢w§YB©MHªº³Ì¤j¼¿n¡C[Fig.18-20] „³ ¤jªº´ÝºÏ»P |
¤jÁB¹xºÏ³õ¡C |
6. ©~§·Å«× (The Curie Temperature) |
·í·Å«×¤É°ª¡A¼ö¶q¨ÏºÏ°ì§ó©ö²¾°Ê¡C¦]¦¹¹¡©MºÏ¤Æ±j«×¡B´ÝºÏ¡B©MÁB¹xºÏ³õ³£ÀHµÛ |
·Å«×ªº¤É°ª¦Ó°§C¡C[Fig.18-22] ¦pªG¶W¹L©~§·Å«×¡A¨äÅKºÏ©Ê´N·|§¹¥þ®ø¥¢¡C |
©~§·Å«×[Tab.18-8] ¬O¥ÑºÏ©Ê§÷®ÆªººØÃþ¨Ó¨M©w¡A¦Ó¥B·|ÀHµÛ¦Xª÷¤¸¯À¦Ó§ïÅÜ¡C |
©~§·Å«×¥H¤WºÏÂù·¥¤´·|ÀHµÛºÏ³õ¦Ó±Æ¦C¡A¦ý¦bºÏ³õ²¾¥h«á´N·|¦¨²V¶Ã±Æ¦C¡C |
¦¨¬°¶¶ºÏ©Ê§÷®Æ¡C |
7. ºÏ©Ê§÷®Æ (Magnetic Materials) |
A.
ºÏ©Êª÷ÄÝ (Magnetic Metals) |
¯ÂÅK¡BÂì©M¹W¨Ã¤£±`¥Î¨Ó°µ¹q®ð¤è±ªºÀ³¥Î¡C¦]¬°¥¦Ìªº°ª¾É¹q©Ê©M¤jºÏº¢¦±½u¡A |
³y¦¨¹L¦hªº¯à¶q·l¥¢¡C¥¦Ì¤]¬O»áÁV¿|ªº¥Ã¤[ºÏÅK¡AºÏ°ì·|³Q»´©öªº«±Æ¡A¦Ó¥B¤ñ°_ |
¸û½ÆÂøªº¦Xª÷¨Ó¨ä´ÝºÏ(remanence)©MBHȤӤp¡C |
¥[¤J¤@¨Ç¯Ê³´¥i¥H§ï¶iÅK¡BÂì©M¹WªººÏ©Ê½è¡C¦]¬°®t±Æ¡B´¹¬É¡BÂI¯Ê³´µ¥¥i¥Hªý¤îºÏ |
°ìªº²¾°Ê¡C |
B. ÅKÂì¦Xª÷ (Iron-Nickel Alloys) |
¤@¨ÇÅKÂì¦Xª÷¡A¦pPermalloy¡A¦³°ª¾ÉºÏ²v¡A«D±`¾A¦X°µ³nºÏÅK¡C¥i¥H¥Î§@Ū¨ú¹q¸£ºÏ |
¤ù¸ê®ÆªººÏÀY¢w§Q¥Î¹qºÏ·PÀ³¨Ó¼g©MŪ¡C[Fig 18-23¡A¨Ã°Ñ¨£¤U¤@¸`ªººÏ¹qªý©Ê] |
C. ª¿ÅK (Silicon Iron) |
¯ÂÅK¤£¾A¦X°µ°¨¹F©Îµo¹q¾÷¡F¥[¤J3-5%ª¿·|(1)¼W¶i¾ÉºÏ²v¡A(2)´î¤ÖÁB¹xºÏ¤O |
(coercive force) (3)´£°ª¹qªý¡A´î¤p´õ¹q¬y¡C |
D. ½Æ¦X©ÊºÏÅK (Composite Magnets) |
±NÁ¡¼hª¿ÅKÅ|¦¨¼hª¬¥i¥H¶i¤@¨Bªº´£°ª¹qªý¡A´î¤p´õ¹q¬y¡C¦b§C¦Ü¤¤ÀW²v«D±`¾A¥Î¡C |
¦b°ªÀW®É¡A´õ¹q¬y³y¦¨ªº¯à¶q·l¥¢·|§ó¬°©úÅã¡A¦]¬°ºÏ°ì¤wµLªk¤Î®É¶¶µÛºÏ³õ±Æ¦C¡C |
³oºØ±¡§Î¤U¡A¥i¥H¥Î§t¦³ºÏ°ì¤@¼Ë¤j¤pºÏ©ÊÁû²Éªº»E¦Xª«¡CºÏ©ÊÁû²É·|«Ü®e©öªº±Æ¦C |
¡A°ª¹qªýªº»E¦Xª«¤]·|ªýê´õ¹q¬y¡C |
E. ª÷ÄݬÁ¼þ (Metallic Glasses) |
ª÷ÄÝ¥i¥H³Q«æ³t§N«o§@¦¨Á¡¤ù¡A¦A§â«D´¹½èªºÁ¡¤ùÅ|¦¨¸û¤jªº§÷®Æ¡C³oÃþ§÷®Æ¬O³nºÏ |
ÅK©Ê¡A¨ã¦³°ª¾ÉºÏ²v¡A¦Ó¥B¦]¬°¨S¦³´¹¬É¡A©Ò¥HºÏ°ì¥i¥H»´©öªº²¾°Ê¡C¦¹¥~¡A¨ä°ª¹q |
ªý¤]¥i¥H´î¤Ö´õ¹q¬y¡C |
F. ºÏ±a (Magnetic Tape) |
¥²¶·¨ã¦³¤è§ÎªººÏº¢°j½u¡A©M¤pÁB¹xºÏ¤O¡A¤~¯à§Ö³tªº¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ¡C¿ýµ©M¿ý¼v¥ÎªººÏ |
±a¬O¥Îevaporating, sputtering,©Î§âºÏ©Ê¤pÁû²É¡]¦pFe2O3¡^©ñ¸m¦b»E¦Xª«ªº±a¤l¤W¦Ó»s¦¨ |
G. ½ÆÂøª÷ÄݦXª÷¥Ã¤[ºÏÅK (Complex Metallic Alloys for Permanent Magnets) |
¤@ÓÁû²É¥u¦³¤@Ӻϰì¡C¦]¦¹¨S¦³Bloch walls¡A¥u¦³´¹¬É¢wºÏ°ì¥u¯à±ÛÂà¦Ó±Æ¦C¡]»Ý |
§ó¤jªº¯à¶q¡^¡A¤£¯à²¾°ÊBloch walls¡C |
¥i¥H¥Î¡u¬ÛÅÜ¡v»P¡u¯»¥½§Mª÷¡v¤èªk¨Ó»s³y¦¹Ãþ§÷®Æ¡]¦pAlnico¡^¡C |
H. ¨ÈÅKºÏ©Ê³³²¡§÷®Æ (Ferrimagnetic Ceramic Materials) |
±`¨£ªº³³²¡ºÏÅKferrites¨ã¦³¦y´¹¥Ûºc³y[Fig.18-26]¡C¦]¨ä¨ÈÅKºÏ©Ê¦Ó¨ã¦³±jºÏ©Ê¡C |
¥HFe3O4 (magnetite)¬°¨Ò¢wFe2+Fe23+O42- [Fig.18-27] |
Fe2+¨ã¦³4ÓBohr magnetons ¡V octahedral site |
Fe3+¨ã¦³5ÓBohr magnetons ¡V octahedral site©Mtetrahedral site |
±`¨£ªº³³²¡ºÏÅKferritesÁÙ¦³¥Ûºh¤l¥Ûºc³y¡C¦pY3Fe5O12 (YIG)¡C |
8. ºÏ¹qªý©Ê (Magnetoresistive effec) |
A. ºÏ¹qªýMR(Magnetoresistance) |
80/20 Permalloy (Ni0.80Fe0.20) [¤ñ¹q·PºÏÀY¦n5¿~ 5Gb/in2] |
B. ¥¨ºÏ¹qªýGMR(Giant Magnetoresistance) |
Fe/Cr superlattice [¤ñ¹q·PºÏÀY¦n10¿~ 10Gb/in2] |
C. ¶W¥¨ºÏ¹qªýCMR(Colossal Magnetoresistance) |
LaMnO3 [¤ñ¥¨ºÏ¹qªýºÏÀY¦n25000¿] |