§÷®Æ¬ì¾Ç¾É½× |
1. ² ¤¶ |
1.1 ì¤l¤¤¤§°ò¥»²É¤l¡]ì¤l¡G¤@¤¸¯À©Ò¯à¦s¦b¤§³Ì¤p³¡¥÷¡^ |
¹q¤l (electrons) ¡V ±±¨î¥H¤U¤§©Ê½è©Î§@¥Î¡G |
(a) Áäµ² (bonds) |
(b) ¾É¹q©Ê½è (electron conduction) |
(c) ºÏ©Ê (magnetic properties) |
(d) ¥ú©Ê (optical properties) |
(e) ¤Æ¾Ç¤ÏÀ³ (chemical reactions) |
®Ö¤l¡G½è¤l (protons) |
¤¤¤l (neutrons) |
1.2 ª«½è»P¤¸¯À¤§³¡¥÷¯S©w±M¦³¦Wµü |
ì¤l¼Æ (atomic number, Z)¡G§Y½è¤l¼Æ¢w ¤@ì¤l¤¤®Ö¤l¤ºªº½è¤l¼Æ¡C |
ì¤l¶q
(atomic weights, M)¡G§Y¬Û¹ïì¤l½è¶q¢w ¤@¤¸¯À¦ÛµM¥Í¦¨ºA¤§¥§¡ì¤l½è¶q¤ñ¤W ºÒ12ì¤l¤§12¤À¤§1½è¶qªº¤ñÈ¡C |
¨È¦ò¥[ıù±`¼Æ
(Avogadro¡¦s constant, 6.0221367„e1023)¡G¤@²ö¦Õª«½è¤¤ªºì¤l©Î¤À¤l¼Æ ¥Ø¡C |
ì¤l½è¶q³æ¦ì [atomic mass unit (amu) = ºÒ12ì¤l¤§12¤À¤§1½è¶q] |
¦P¦ì¯À (isotope)¡G¨âºØ©Î¦hºØ¨ã¦³¬Û¦P¼Æ¶q½è¤l©M¤£¦P¼Æ¶q¤¤¤lªº¦PÃþ¤¸¯À¤§¤@¡C ¨Ò¡G²Bªº¦P¦ì¯À¦³¢w²B¡BÉ÷¡BËJ¡C |
1.3 ª«½è¤§¡]¦¸ì¤l¡^°ò¥»²É¤l |
¦j§J (quarks) ¢w up©Mdownµ¥¤»ºØ¦j§J¡C) |
»´¤l (leptons) ¢w ¹q¤l©M¤¤·L¤l(neutrino)µ¥¤»ºØ»´¤l¡C |
¶W©¶? (superstring) ¢w¶W©¶²z½× (©¶²z½×»P¶W¹ïºÙªº²Õ¦X)¡C |
1.4 ¦t©z¤¤ª«½è¤§¥|ºØ¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³¡]¤O¡^¡G |
±j¤O¡A¹qºÏ¤O¡A®z¤O¡A«¤O¡C[¬Û¹ï±j«×¢w103 : 1 : 10-11 : 10-39] |
¶Ç»¼²É¤l¤À§O¬°¡Ggluons, photons, bosons, gravitons. |
°Ý ÃD¡G§÷®Æ¬ì¾Ç©ÒÀ³¥Î¡]©Î±±¨î¡^ªº¬Oþ¤@ºØ¡]©Î¦hºØ¡^¬Û¤¬¤ÏÀ³¡H |
2. ³æì¤l¤¤ªº¹q¤l (Atomic Electrons in Single Atoms) |
ªi/²É¤l¤§Âù«©Ê
(wave/particle duality) Ć =
h / p |
¶q¤l¤Æªº¯à¶q (quantized energies) |
Àj¥ß¤£¬Û®eì²z (The Pauli Principle) ¡V Fermic-Direc Statistics |
¥D¶q¤l¼Æ¡APrincipal quantum number (n) [K, L, M shells] |
y¹D¶q¤l¼Æ¡AOrbital quantum number (l) [s, p, d, f ¡K e- state] |
ºÏ¶q¤l¼Æ¡AMagnetic quantum number (m) |
¦Û±Û¶q¤l¼Æ¡ASpin quantum number (s) |
¹q¤l¤§¯à¶¥Âà´« (Electron Energy Level Transition) ƒ´E (eV) = 1.24/ƒÜ(ƒÝm) |
3. Ų§Oì¤l (Fingerprinting Atoms) |
X-¥úÃÐ
(x-ray spectroscopy) |
±½ºË¦¡¹q¤lÅã·LÃè (SEM) |
Auger¹q¤l¥úÃÐ (AES) |
X-¥ú¿Ã¥ú (XRF, X-ray fluorescence) |
4. ©TÅ餤¤§Áäµ² (Bonding in Solids) | |
ì¤l¶¡¤§¤ÏÀ³
(Interaction of Atomic Pairs) |
|
Áäµ²¤§¤ÀÃþ (Bonding classifications) | |
¥DnÁäµ² (primary bonds) : | ª÷ÄÝÁä (metallic) ¢w release¡A1-3eV¡C |
¦@»ùÁä (covalent) ¢w sharing¡A3-8eV¡C | |
Â÷¤lÁä (ionic) ¢w transfer¡A3-8eV¡C | |
¦¸nÁäµ² (secondary bonds) : | ²BÁä(hydrogen-)¢w exposed¡A0.2-0.5eV¡C |
¤Z±o¥ËÁä (van der Waals)¢w dipole¡A0.02-0.2eV¡C | |
§÷®Æ©Ê½è (Materials Properties) »PÁäµ²¡C | |
Áä (bond) ¢w ±Nì¤lµ²¦X¦b¤À¤l©Îµ²´¹¤ºªº¡u¤O¡v¡C | |
Áä¯à
(bond energy) ¢w §Î¦¨¤@ӤƾÇÁä©ÒÄÀ©ñ¥Xªº¯à¶q¡CÂùì¤l¤À¤lªºÁä¯à±q¶w®ðªº 0.05-0.1eV¡A¨ìCOªº11.08eV¡C |
|
Áäªø
(bond length) ¢w ¨âÓ³Q¤Æ¾ÇÁä©Ô¦b¤@°_ªºì¤l¡A¨äì¤l®Ö¶¡ªº¶ZÂ÷¡CÁäªø¥§¡ ¬°1-2.5 A¡A±q³Ìµuªº0.75 A (H-H)¨ì4.95A (Rb-Rb)¡C |